![]() Line 6: The local variable sum is assigned the value of a + b (i.e., 5 + 10). Variables a and b are assigned the values of x and 10, respectively. The control is transferred to the add function with local variables. ![]() Line 4: A new stack frame is created for the add function. Line 15: The add the function is called with the arguments x and 10. Line 12: The local variable x is assigned the value 5. Line 10: The program starts with the main function, and a new stack frame is created for it. Here is the explanation of the C++ code in the order of execution: ![]() We're only discussing the stack segment here. Although we're focusing on C++, the explanation for Python and Java also holds. In the following explanation, we'll go over how the heap and stack change after running each important line of code. Once the add function returns, the stack is popped, removing the function call and associated data, and we can print the result. The function call and its arguments and return address are placed on the stack. Then, we call the add function with x and 10 as arguments. This variable is also stored in stack memory. In the main function (or top-level script for Python), we create another local variable x and assign it the value 5. Inside the add function, we created a local variable called sum to store the result. This function takes two parameters as input integers and returns their sum. In the codes instances above, we created a function called add. This memory is created on the stack segment. The stack frame stores information related to local variables, parameters, and the return address of the function. A block of memory called a stack frame is created when a function is called.
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